reconstruction Essays (985 words) - Reconstruction Era,

History Essay ?the north won the civil war, but the south won Reconstruction? This statement has been wryly observed, to interpret this you need to know the background of these two different parts. During the civil war(1861-1865), the north and the south grew in different directions and ways. They both had some advantages, the north was the center of manufacturing and wealth.In the south, manufacturing was not that big, the south did not have many skilled workers. Most of the people were not educated and were farmers, who worked on a field. The south got their money by trading with other countries, with materials they got from their plantations,, for example cotton etc. The north produced the main part of the countries wealth and had bigger army than the south, including black soldiers. The north was better prepared for the whole war, they had better equipment and supplies. The south had the better generals for example Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson. In 1863, Lincoln declared all slaves to be free. With a lot of support of the freed African American slaves who joined the union, and now had a way bigger army the the confederacy. Many battles were going on in both parts of the country. The main battles were the battle of Gettysburg, where commander Robert E. Lee turned back with heavy casualties, another won was the battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi where the union gained control of the Mississippi River.The union was also able to capitalize their advantages against the south, in men and material. The Confederates mainly gave up, they ended resistance on April 9, 1865. The war ended in slavery. After the civil war people were struggling with rebuilding their houses and their lives. The president and Congress tried to figure out how to rebuilt the nation. They had to handle with the difficulties of reconstruction. Beneath other parts they had to decide how the confederate states were able to rejoin the union. They mainly tried to reorganize the south and to define their laws, what means that they need to figure out how Blacks and whites live together in a non-slave society. Blacks should be treated as equals and under he same law as whites. Lincoln had a plan for reuniting the country in the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. The republics were against Lincolns plan. In Congress they were known as the radical republics, they did not want to reunite with the south. The main goal of the republicans was that they wanted the federal government to help African Americans, so that they are able to vote. They also knew that if African Americans are able to vote that most of them will vote for the republicans. In the summer of 1864 the moderates and the republicans came up with a plan for reconstruction, The Wade-Davis Bill. The Bill says that that any adult white men in a confederate state that he should take an oath of allegiance to the union. So the state could now create a new and better government. The congress passed the Wade ? Davis bill, But Lincoln blocked it with a pocket veto. Lincoln realized that a harsh plan of reconstruction would just bring more chaos in the south. After the war the economy in the south collapsed and a lot of people were unemployed. In 1865 congress established a welfare agency known as Freedmen?s Bureau. The Bureau persued a range of programs in an effort to obtain jobs and provide education as well as basic health services. The Bureau is able to set up 4,000 schools and 100 hospitals and to provide housing and food. Lincoln gave on April 15, 1865 the problem of reconstruction in the hands of the new President, Andrew Johnson. He wants the southern states to be free from federal invention. Johnson?s plan was to carry out a policy, which was almost the same to Lincoln?s . The southern states followed Johnson plans for reconstruction. None of the state made any effort, to allow the slaves to vote, and later on Congress recognized that there was an unwillingness to accept Johnson?s plan. This was the beginning of the congressional reconstruction of the south. In 1866, the Radicals, who had a

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ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their propounding of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery's westward expansion that took form in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet these two expressions of hostility to slavery- abolitionism and Free-Soilism- were often closely related not only in their beliefs and their interaction but also in the minds of southern slaveholders who finally came to regard the North as united against them in favor of black emancipation.Although abolitionist feelings had been strong during the American Revolution and in the Upper South during the 1820s, the abolitionist movement did not coalesce into a militant crusade until the 1830s. In the previous decade, as much of the North underwent the social disruption associated with the spread of manufac turing and commerce, powerful evangelical religious movements arose to impart spiritual direction to society. By stressing the moral imperative to end sinful practices and each person's responsibility to uphold God's will in society, preachers like Lyman Beecher, Nathaniel Taylor, and Charles G. Finney in what came to be called the Second Great Awakening led massive religious revivals in the 1820s that gave a major impetus to the later emergence of abolitionism as well as to such other reforming crusades as temperance, pacifism, and women's rights. By the early 1830s, Theodore D. Weld, William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and Elizur Wright, Jr., all spiritually nourished by revivalism, had taken up the cause of "immediate emancipation."In early 1831, Garrison, in Boston, began publishing his famous newspaper, the Liberator, supported largely by free African-Americans, who always played a major role in the movement. In Dec... Free Essays on Us History Of Internet Free Essays on Us History Of Internet ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their propounding of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery's westward expansion that took form in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet these two expressions of hostility to slavery- abolitionism and Free-Soilism- were often closely related not only in their beliefs and their interaction but also in the minds of southern slaveholders who finally came to regard the North as united against them in favor of black emancipation.Although abolitionist feelings had been strong during the American Revolution and in the Upper South during the 1820s, the abolitionist movement did not coalesce into a militant crusade until the 1830s. In the previous decade, as much of the North underwent the social disruption associated with the spread of manufac turing and commerce, powerful evangelical religious movements arose to impart spiritual direction to society. By stressing the moral imperative to end sinful practices and each person's responsibility to uphold God's will in society, preachers like Lyman Beecher, Nathaniel Taylor, and Charles G. Finney in what came to be called the Second Great Awakening led massive religious revivals in the 1820s that gave a major impetus to the later emergence of abolitionism as well as to such other reforming crusades as temperance, pacifism, and women's rights. By the early 1830s, Theodore D. Weld, William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and Elizur Wright, Jr., all spiritually nourished by revivalism, had taken up the cause of "immediate emancipation."In early 1831, Garrison, in Boston, began publishing his famous newspaper, the Liberator, supported largely by free African-Americans, who always played a major role in the movement. In Dec...

Branded Identities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Branded Identities - Essay Example Similarly, the identities of brands, being closely linked with consumer behaviour, also have different value and impact over consumers' choice. Consumerism: Concept of consumerism has gone through various chronological advances. Traditional consumer models believed consumers are not effected by any influences but by their own brain's instinct and external factors like family, friends, choices cannot influence their buying decisions. This theory could not survive longer as it was limited in conception and did not fulfil the needs of various analyses. Traditional theory considered consumers as information processors who are not affected by any choices and alternatives available. On contrary it also describes that companies can dominate the mind of customers and customer don't bother about available or missing information. (Simon, 1955, Q. J. of Econ.) "The existence of underlying preferences is a vital scientific question for economists. If the answer is affirmative, then the evidence from cognitive psychology implies only that economists must look through the smoke screen of rules to discern deeper preferences that are needed to value economic policies. This is a difficult task but not an impossible one. If the answer is negative, then economists need to seek a foundation for policy analysis that does not require that the concept of 'the greatest good for the greatest number' be meaningful. I am guardedly optimistic that the question has an affirmative answer." (McFadden, D. 2000. p. 345-346). Consumerism & Psychology: Similarly, consumerism and psychological aspects are also attached together. Various theories are presented to establish a strong link between these two. Weber's ([1904] 1998) "iron cage" is also the depiction of psychological trap of consumers. Furthermore, Psychologist Barry Schwartz (1994), also is of the opinion that external and demographic factors psychological influence a person's buying behaviour. Barry Schwartz believes that companies offer incentives and psychological benefits to customers which are in real life very much meaningful for the consumers and consumers has a sense of achievement by having these benefits with them."By embracing the "freedom" of the marketplace in all aspects of our lives, we find that many of the things we value most deeply-meaningful, satisfying work; intimate, compassionate friends, family and community; real education; significant spiritual and ethical commitment; political involvement; and even, ultimately, material well-being-are increasingly difficult to achieve." (P. 10) Consumerism and its Historical, Social and Economic Impact: Cognitive psychologists believe that culture is manifest in peoples mind. (DiMaggio 1997, p.272; Cf. Shore 1996). They also believe that historical aspect and social background, and consumers' experiences play a vital role to develop their self-concept and identity. Different consumers behave differently because of their difference in socio-cultural background, behavior and economic perspective. 'Iron cage', is in fact, 'mental cage' that is influenced by various culturally framed mental fields.(Zerubavl 1991). Further